What is the difference between deep(TM) and shallow(TM) ecology Essay Example

What is the difference between deep(TM) and shallow(TM) ecology Paper Deep and shallow ecologism can be seen by human beings in many ways and do indeed have similarities, one being in their care for the environment, although by different means and to different ends27. Some still consider the theories of ecologism and environmentalism as an urban fad or post-industrial romanticism28. It is difficult, however, to change decades of preconceived ideas about a number of these issues. Human selfishness often allows us not to care about the damage we are currently inflicting, in the instance that it will not affect the natural world within our lifetime. Radical ecologists believe that many human beings disagree with this view but possess feelings of individual helplessness, which they hope to instil instead with the feeling of ability to make changes. Shallow ecology ties in with idealism in that it is now culturally required to show some concern for environmental issues, if only for self-survival means29. Recycling, littering and organic foods are all contemporary examples of this, and ones which make obvious the fact that human beings can change their ways but often only to an extent which does not dramatically affect the way they live their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the difference between deep(TM) and shallow(TM) ecology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is the difference between deep(TM) and shallow(TM) ecology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is the difference between deep(TM) and shallow(TM) ecology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Spirituality operates often as a key theme within notions of ecology, notably towards deep ecological theories as many spiritual writings emphasise on the oneness of nature30. Primitive religions often found no differences between human beings and other life forms or the living and non-living31. Modern societal views can hence be attributed to the decline in closeness to nature. In more contemporary spiritual notions, Mother Earth, or the Gaia theory, suggests that the health of the planet matters far more than any individual species living upon it32, which is an inherently deep idea. Traditional Western and somewhat shallow views are reflected in religions such as Christianity, Judaism and Islam33, whereas theories of equality among species belong more towards Eastern religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism34. A number of problems are apparent in all streams of ecology, although some apply specifically to the different groups themselves. Primarily, there is somewhat of an environmental disaster, as economic growth has disturbed the balance of nature35 and endangered the very ecosystem which makes human life possible. In relation to change, the only kind of society that could withhold necessary changes would be that of a sustainable society, the only type that would allow ecosystems to rebuild themselves, and one which involved an equal balance between human beings and the natural environment36. Unfortunately, according to deep ecological views, we should be discouraging human beings from attempting to maximise ownership of material objects, despite the fact that this is a prime goal in life for most. There has been a shift from living equally with other life forms, to endangering them, to current day rendering a number of them extinct, and it is hard to reverse this kind of damage. The modern world is experiencing an environmental global crisis, which is a result of previous patterns and a challenge for the future. Future prospects of the environmental crisis can be anything from reduced levels of male fertility due to pollution, to climate change and the further erosion of animal and plant species37. Therefore, the connotations involved in that radical ecology is the cutting edge of social ecology are that of drastic measures for the good of society and the natural world together. The population crisis can be seen by both deep and shallow ecologists, however it is often seen in different lights. Deep ecologists often consider this population crisis as the source of almost all ecological problems, whereas shallow ecologists see it as a factor in deteriorating the quality of life for future generations38. Already methods are in place to counter it, such as the one child policy in China. However, it could be considered by many, radical ecologists in particular, that if in societies across the world it comes to this kind of necessary extreme, it may perhaps be too late to save both humankind and the surrounding environment alike. In relation to location, many countries have significantly larger amounts of valuable resources than others, and difficulties arise in whether to keep these private or whether there are obligations to share them with the rest of the human population in an equal, deeply ecological way39. Also, many societies, particularly Westernized ones unused to a deep ecological form of thinking, are unable to argue environmental concerns for purely non-human related causes, although they might think they are doing just that40. As shown throughout the areas of economic growth, viewpoints on the relationship between animals and humans, and the problems and public faces of deep and shallow ecologies, there is a clear distinction between these ideologies. Peter Bunyard declared that what is missing is any sense of a more impartial, biocentric view in which the nonhuman world is considered to be of intrinsic value41, and only through incorporating aspects of both deep and shallow forms of ecology can such a view ever be achieved. Bibliography   Merchant, Carolyn, 1992. Radical ecology : the search for a livable world. Routledge, New York.   Singer, Peter, 2006. In defense of animals : the second wave. Blackwell Pub. , Malden, MA. 1 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: an introduction ( Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch9 p 255 2 Andrew Heywood, Political theory : an introduction (Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch7 p193 3 ibid. Ch1 p. 11 4 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: an introduction ( Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch9 p266 5 Andrew Heywood, Political theory : an introduction (Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch7 p193. 6 Andrew Dobson, Green Political Thought (Routledge, London; New York) Ch1 p15 7 ibid. p 15-16 8 Murray Bookchin, The ecology of freedom : the emergence and dissolution of hierarchy (Cheshire Books, Palo Alto, Calif) Ch3 p133 9 Robyn Eckersley, Environmentalism and political theory : toward an ecocentric approach (State University of New York Press, Albany) Ch2 p36 10 Carolyn Merchant, Radical ecology: the search for a livable world (Routledge, New York) Ch1 p29 11 Robyn Eckersley, Environmentalism and political theory : toward an ecocentric approach (State University of New York Press, Albany) Ch1 p15-16. 12 Murray Bookchin, The ecology of freedom : the emergence and dissolution of hierarchy (Cheshire Books, Palo Alto, Calif) Introduction, p22 13 ibid. Introduction, p 25 14 Andrew Dobson, Green Political Thought (Routledge, London; New York) Ch1 p16 15 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: an introduction ( Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch9 p257 16 ibid. Ch9 p256 17 ibid. Ch9 p271 18 Murray Bookchin, The ecology of freedom : the emergence and dissolution of hierarchy (Cheshire Books, Palo Alto, Calif) Introduction, p16 19 Andrew Heywood, Political theory : an introduction (Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch7 p261. 20 ibid. Ch7 p193 21 Peter Singer, In defense of animals : the second wave, (Blackwell Pub. , Malden, MA) Ch2 p29 22 ibid. Ch1 p13 23 ibid. Ch2 p27 24 Andrew Heywood, Political theory : an introduction (Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch7 p196 25 Robyn Eckersley, Environmentalism and political theory : toward an ecocentric approach (State University of New York Press, Albany) Ch2 p35-36 26 Andrew Dobson, Green Political Thought (Routledge, London; New York) Ch1 p18 27 ibid. p18 28 Andrew Heywood, Political theory : an introduction (Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch7 p193. 29 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: an introduction ( Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch9 p278 30 Andrew Dobson, Green Political Thought (Routledge, London; New York) Ch1 p19 31 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: an introduction ( Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch9 p263 32 J. E. Lovelock, Gaia: a new look at life on earth (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Ch1 p10 33 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: an introduction ( Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch9 p263 34 Andrew Heywood, Political theory : an introduction (Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch7 p192. 35 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: an introduction ( Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch9 p260 36 Andrew Dobson, Green Political Thought (Routledge, London; New York) Ch1 p16 37 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: an introduction ( Palgrave Macmillan, New York) Ch9 p278 38 Carolyn Merchant, Radical ecology: the search for a livable world (Routledge, New York) Ch1 p31 39 James Connelly and Graham Smith, Politics and the environment: from theory to practice, (Routledge, London, New York) Ch3 p32 40 Peter Bunyard and Fern Morgan-Grenville, The Green Alternative : guide to good living, (Methuen, London) Ch6 p285 41 ibid. Ch6 p284.

Herbal Tea Essay Example

Herbal Tea Essay Example Herbal Tea Essay Herbal Tea Essay The questionnaire was conducted outside a local newsagents. People were randomly selected as they left the shop. A lot of people refused to complete the questionnaire. It took 45 mins for all 10 questionnaires to be completed. I feel the results signify a lot in the marketing of Herbal Tea.  The analysis of the questionnaires shows that no one under the age of 15 took part in the questionnaire. I feel this is may-be due to the fact that they would have been attending school. It should not make much difference to the promotion of the Herbal Tea as I think the market would not be directed to under 15s. I think under 15s would not buy herbal tea, although maybe it should have been wise to conduct the questionnaire at non-school hours, so as to prove that most under 15s would not be interested in Herbal Tea. The questionnaire shows that 6 people were female and 4 were male. I feel that this is so because more females were willing to complete the questionnaire than men were. If the questionnaire were conducted with using half female and half males, maybe the results would have been slightly different and more efficient for the marketing of Herbal Tea.  Seven out of 10 people said they drink coffee/tea regularly. This question was asked in order to find out what percentage of the market drinks tea/coffee, in order to aim the promotion at these individuals who already drink hot drinks for relaxation or taste. 8 out of 10 people have previously drank herbal tea, this shows that when marketing herbal tea, the majority of consumers will have already tried herbal tea, therefor we wish to aim the market at promoting herbal tea in a unique and new means, so as to encourage the people whom have previously tried it to convert to Elderberry flavour, and to convince them of trying this new flavour which is unlike the herbal tea, which they have previously tried and have abandoned. Question five was a very vital question in the marketing of Elderberry Herbal Tea. 8 out of 10 people did like the taste of the tea. This is a good amount for the successful promotion, and selling of Elderberry Herbal Tea. 8 out of 10 people is 80% which is a very satisfactory amount but we must promote ElderBerry Tea and look into adding more/less flavours in order to satisfy the 20% of people whom did not like the taste and try to have 100% of people liking the taste. Question six was all so one of the most important questions, as ElderBerry tea will be marketed to those whom already drink tea/coffee and to try convince them to change to the more natural alternative of ElderBerry Herbal Tea. 6 out of 10 people said that they would convert to ElderBerry tea after tasting. This too is also a good total. It is 60% again we must use promotion and advertisement to increase this percentage. 4 out of 10 people were aware of the medical benefits which is good, because the marketing of the product is designed to inform all consumers about the medical benefits of herbal tea, which they have not previously know.  6 out of 10 people would buy a box of 12 sachets of herbal tea for 50p-2.00, 3 would pay 3.00 and one person designed their own amount on the questionnaire, which was 10.00. This is quite unsatisfactory result in the marketing of ElderBerry Tea. It shows that people are not willing to pay a lot for 12 sachets. This would create quite a problem for the producers, as it is necessary to earn a good profit with the implementation of Elderberry Herbal Tea on to the market.  8 out of 10 people were unaware of ElderBerry Herbal Tea prior to the tasting. This shows that there is already a market for ElderBerry Tea, although I feel that this market maybe abroad and not in Ireland, as I recall two participants being British. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS It can be concluded that the introduction of Elder Berry Herbal Tea, would be of benefit and of profit making to the co-op. The co-op are progressing and are quite successful at present therefore they have can afford to advance to the next level of their businesses by introducing a new product. The research conducted has proved that the Elder Berry herbal tea will be quite a successful product because of the growing demand of herbal tea from consumers. The Product of Elder Berry is by far the most obvious ingredient to use, because of its medical benefits, colds and flu relief and unique and rich taste. Herbal medicine and teas have become most popular with the consumer, and is growing each day, so the elderberry tea would be introduced to a demanding market.  Elderberry Tea is a quick and alternative cure for colds, flu and illnesses. It has been tested and has proven to relieve symptoms faster than Lemsip(tm) and Beechams(tm).

Invention of printing press Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Invention of printing press - Essay Example The most common form of printing technology is offset lithography that consists of separate towers for every color of ink for printing. Others are gravure printing dependent on the small depressions on the printing plate surface, pad printing, screen printing, and relief printing. The invention of the printing press depended on already available printing technologies that were in use in various regions, such as ink, paper, and block printing invention that was quite common in China, before moving out to revolutionize Europe through Gutenberg works. Industrial Printing Presses Printing presses have evolved enormously over time, shifting from manual to mechanical structures which are less tedious, easier to produce, and with much reduced chances of injuries. Since ancient times, the transformations from wooden to metal built devices are evident, changing the face of printing from Egyptian wooden block printing, all the way to lithography, offset printing, 19th century hot stamping type setting, phototypesetting, to modern 3D printing and digital press. Stanhope printing press invented the first book press using cast iron, followed by Columbian press, which was a drift from Gutenberg print press, even if they employed most of the features and operation procedures from previous Gutenberg’s work (utexas.edu, n.d). All these former industrial press have been serving as the foundations of the succeeding printing presses in the modern society. Mechanized printing press. The difference that arises between the press and Gutenberg’s are the speed of press to make an impression on the paper. While Gutenberg print press compositors put type together by hand to assemble about 2000 characters per... The increase in print works allowed the spread of Christianity across the globe, which was one major practice that preceded European settlement in different continents. Bible translation into native languages was possible, enhancing spread of the gospel to different communities in their backyards. According to Eisenstein, â€Å"between the invention of the printing press and 1520, one hundred and fifty six Latin edition of the Bible had been published, together with seventeen German translation† (1979, p. 330). People had to learn to read and write, to read the word been spread, and acquire timely information and knowledge for their benefit. The number of people who attended church teachings reduced, since the word was more available to everyone, and as the result many could criticize some religious doctrines, creating conflicts among Christian religious denominations.How Printing Press Changed CommunicationCommunication comes differently to convey a message to the society. To day you find people using signs languages, either in body or pictorial forms to mean something. No longer is the human presence important as the agent of message delivery, but the message could be printed out and authorized to clarify and assure its origin to the sender. The culture of public communication has been influenced by the changing printing press technologies, such that it goes beyond providing learning, reasoning, and meaning of the message, to ensure people easier and reliable access of information, and its control when need be.

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Introduction An organization could only be considered dynamic if it’s operational and it’s performing. The quality of the operation will influence its competitiveness and express its influence in the market to leverage. Part of 1 of this paper is some annotated bibliography on performance management and the second part is a company analysis. Theme 1. Annotated Bibliography Arnason, R., (2009). Fisheries management and operations research, European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 193(3), pages 741-751. Author is a scholar specializing his study on the aquatic reserves and who was challenged to evaluate the fishery industry anent to some deep-rooted problem on economic inefficiency e.g. blaming on inappropriate social institutions which control fishing management and common property development. Author argued the needs to replace the existing institutions that can provide appropriate leadership and management attune to the ideal social objectives of fisher ies. While author recognized the singular objective of fishing industry which is to maximize the present value and benefits from fisheries but empirical realities on the ground showed variegated, conflicting and interests of groups within the industry. Arnason contended that it’s more appropriate to embrace a multi-objective programming system with such management regime that is inclusive of (1) fisheries management system, (2) enforcement and (3) fisheries policies. This system, for him, should be correlated to the cost required in fisheries management and its value of harvest. Author further acknowledged that there ought to be a balance in fisheries management with cost efficiency amid multidisciplinary issues to ensure that managers are able to perform the necessary tasks necessary to have effective produce. Holsapple, C. W. & Lee-Post, A. (2010). Behavior-based analysis of knowledge dissemination channels in operations management, Omega, Elsevier, vol. 38(3-4), pages 167- 178. Authors are scholars taking serious interests on analyzing the behaviors about how knowledge is disseminated in operation management. Both contended that the significance if this discipline is vital for knowledge dissemination through journals, magazines, books, and other online sources for information that are supportive or are exploring more about the significance of operational management, which may include surveys, analyses. Though the study was quite limited by scope and resources utilized to fit the needs of the researcher, however, the examination of behaviors as explicated in the resources used was able to explicate the three metrics for rating publications for operational management studies. Researchers believed that the metric can be utilized by those who are working to determine which OM journals or books uphold substantial relevance. Galindo, G. & Batta, R. (2013). Review of recent developments in OR/MS research in disaster operations management, European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 230(2), pages 201-211. Researchers are scholars who have serious interests in reviewing the developments in OR/MS studies focused on disaster operation management. They affirmed that as disaster impacts to large number of populace and create serious environmental damages, the devastating effects inspire interests on scrutinizing the disaster operations management are undertaken using the studies of Nezih Altay and Walter

The Necessity of ObamaCare in the United States Essay Example for Free

The Necessity of ObamaCare in the United States Essay The United States is heavily watched around the world in terms of politics or any other action as it is one of the leading countries of the world. Recently, the United States caught the eye of the world in its recent debate of the health care reform. Most commonly referred to as â€Å"ObamaCare† the official name is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) or for short, the Affordable Care Act (ACA). President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010 signed the Affordability Care Act into law to reform the health care industry and it was later upheld by the supreme court on June 28th, 2012. â€Å"The goal of ObamaCare is to give more Americans access to affordable, quality health insurance, and to reduce the growth in health care spending in the U. S. † (ObamaCare Facts n. d). The debate is centred around the Republican Partys actions of trying to stop the implementation of this law. However, I believe the Republican Party has no right to prevent the implementation of the health care reform in the United States as it undermines â€Å"the three elements of democracy – liberty, equality and solidarity† (Brodie,Rein;Smith p. 36). It does this as it is withholding affordable healthcare of the expansion of Medicaid and Medicare and offering cost assistance through healthcare insurance marketplaces to around 44 million Americans who are unable to get health insurance with the majority of uninsured being poor working families and those who simply cannot afford health insurance. Therefore, going against democracys free form of always including those not yet involved (Brodie,ReinSmith p. 38) which therefore directly mocks the idea of solidarity and its sense of belonging or acceptance. In order to fully grasp the concept of the argument a few key terms needs to be defined. â€Å"Democracy is any form of government in which the rules of society are decided by the people who will be bound by them† (Brodie,ReinSmith p. 32). Equality is a term conveying the idea that all citizens should have the same access to the political sphere, the rule of and social entitlements. Solidarity is a term that refers to a kind of membership in the political community, and feelings of belonging associated with the acceptance by that community. The healthcare reform gives us a chance to rethink equality via solidarity where it is an equality of opportunity instead of equality of chance where everyone is granted the opportunity and are able to have health insurance via the Affordable Care Act. The sense of solidarity is therefore highlighted in the benefits of ObamaCare. The benefits of ObamaCare definitely outweigh the cons without a doubt. Before the law you could be denied coverage or treatment because you had been sick in the past, be charged more because you were a woman, be dropped mid-treatment for making a simple mistake on your application, and had little or no way to fight insurance company appeals. Today all Americans have access to a large number of unprecedented new benefits, rights and protections. The major ones outlined by the healthcare reform are there are many of uninsured persons who will get access to affordable quality health insurance through the marketplace, thus 82% of uninsured adults will qualify for free or low cost insurance. Insurance companies are not allowed to dismiss you when you are sick or if you make a mistake on your application. Neither can you be denied coverage or charged more for pre-existing conditions such as being sick. Another benefit is that young adults are able to stay on their parents plan until the age of 26. Also there is better care and protections for seniors and â€Å"essential health benefits like emergency care, hospitalization,prescription drugs, and maternity and newborn care must be included on all non-grandfathered plans at no out-of-pocket limit† (ObamaCare Facts n. d). Additionally, you cannot be charged more based on health or gender. ObamaCare helps to curb the growth in healthcare spending with reforms to the health industry to cut wasteful spending. Seeing all of these benefits, it shows the irrationality of Republicans refusal of the healthcare reform as these provisions encompass solidarity in terms of those who were unable to have health insurance will be able to which brings out the equality of opportunity and linking to solidarity, are now able to have a sense of membership into the political and healthcare community as they are now able to enjoy the benefits of healthcare as the majority did before. After all, everyone deserves the right to healthcare. However, the Republicans knowing what the Affordability Act entailed did as much as they could to refute it and thus caused the United States to become the focus of the world because of the government shutdown due to their actions. One of the Republicans many attempts to refute ObamaCare ended up in a shutdown of the United States government beginning from October 1st, 2013 and it lasted up to 2 weeks. It was time for the spending bills to be passed and the Republicans insisted any new spending bill include provisions to hinder ObamaCare. They therefore, passed two spending bill amendments, one that would delay ObamaCare for a year and one that would repeal the ObamaCares medical device tax. However, the health care law isnt directly tied to funding the government, but its being used as a bargaining chip. The Senate rejected this proposal, which prompted the House to approve another spending plan that would remove the Obamacare individual mandate. The Senate rejected that as well thus resulting in the government shutdown. It should be noted that , â€Å"democracy privileges solidarity over ego† (Brodie,Rein;Smith p. 41) and the Republicans actions stemmed from their ego thus there is no justification for their actions. Furthermore, the article â€Å" Health Reform 2010: The Missing Philosophical Premises in the Long- Running Health Care Debate† by Theodore R. Marmor, puts forth a comparison of the healthcare systems of Germany, Canada, England, Japan, and France to the United States. â€Å"Each, as distinct from the United States, has created a universal health care program fundamentally based on the idea that medical care is a merit, not a market good. The equal access standard does not, of course, mean ideal practice, but care is more equally distributed as a result† (Marmor p. 569). This is now what ObamaCare seeks to do by imposing on the health care system that is seen to be run by private-profit companies, whose bottom line is money and not health. This idea of medical care being a â€Å"merit† and having more equally distributed care are two factors entailed in ObamaCare. This is where the elements of democracy freedom, equality and solidarity once again come into play. Healthcare becoming more equally distributed directly deals with equality which is directly linked to solidarity and the sense of belonging or acceptance as those previously without healthcare are now in the mix. Consequently, I have shown that the Republicans would like to see ObamaCare repealed. If it is repealed then millions of Americans will be without proper health coverage, and insurance companies will continue to be able to deny coverage for pre-existing conditions. Without healthcare reform America will continue to suffer the consequences of a health care system controlled by private for-profit companies, whose bottom line is money and not health. Debates in the US press detract from the fact that healthcare is about shared humanity and solidarity, not ideology. The Republicans actions are not justified as it is seen to be stemmed from ego while the Affordability Care Act with its many benefits encompass the idea of the elements of democracy – freedom, equality and solidarity.

Comparison Of Benjamin Franklin and Frederick Douglass Essay -- Compar

Comparison Of Benjamin Franklin and Frederick Douglass America, a land with shimmering soil where golden dust flew and a days rain of money could last you through eternity. Come, You Will make it in America. That was the common theme of those who would remove to America. It is the common hymn, the classic American rags-to-riches myth, and writers such as Benjamin Franklin and Frederick Douglass had successfully embraced it in their works.Franklin and Douglass are two writers who have quite symmetrical styles and imitative chronology of events in their life narratives. They both approached their story with a "rags-to-riches" idea. In addition, we must realize that both Franklin and Douglass are powerful writers. In that sense, I mean that Franklin was a "well-educated" man in which he filled his life with bountiful knowledge through reading and productive dialogues with peers. On the other hand, Douglass mode of writing, like ones of William Lloyd Garrison's is sentimental and contains compelling language.In The Autobiography by Franklin and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave by Douglass, both narrations are generally composed of series of life events and encounters with hardship that eventually brought them success. I shall put forth some parallel ideas of both the authors have in common. In Franklin's Autobiography, his chapters of life events and improvements are symbolized by his travels, especially on the boat. His first travel signifies his "new beginning" and it caused great hardship. He was "cut so a miserable fi gure" when he started out. (Franklin, 1771:196). However, Franklin was quick to gain ground. His move to another city or country signified his advancement and his prologue to his success to come are in his description of his boat travels. By this I mean that, Franklin intentionally gave the details of his boat travels to prepare the reader for the kind of successes or failure that he was going to face in the next chapter of his life. For example, he described his first travel as an unpleasant one, and nevertheless his first move to another city was a struggle. In Franklin's later travels, he spoke of being around some prominent figures such as Governor Hamilton and nonetheless, he landed with a successful job at a famous Printing House in Bartholomew. With this characteristic in mind, Douglass's narration ... ...nt of maturity. In addition, both authors think that matured readers in general are harder to persuade compared to younger readers (those at the of 16 to 18). This is why both Franklin and Douglass intentionally set their "rebellion stage" at the age of 17. This is to encourage the "less stable" teenage readers to dare do something different and to not compromise with normality. This less-stableness would enable these teenage readers to be more receptive to radical ideas. With this thought in mind and armed with Americans vulnerability in believing the rags-to-riches myth, Franklin and Douglass are able generated effective and persuasive narrations.With such effective writing prose, the authors created well-fabricate compositions which modeled upon the "rags-to-riches" chronology.These are the myths, Americans live by them and the country survives with them. Thus, it is the American Dream. Works Cited: Douglas, Frederick. Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (The Harper Single Volume American Literature 3rd edition) 1845:p.1017-1081 Franklin, Benjamin. Autobiography. (The Harper Single Volume American Literature 3rd edition) 1776: p.282-284.

Adolescence and Moral Development Essay

Two major reasons exist for studying moral development during adolescence. First, cognitive changes that occur during adolescence are related to moral development. Formal operational thinking allows the adolescent to interpret the social environment in new and different ways. Second, because adolescents are capable of devising new and idealistic social orders to which all are expected to conform, we may view them as moral philosophers. A number of researchers have noted other changes in moral development that point to the importance of adolescence as a transition stage in moral development. Unlike children, the adolescent is concerned with what is right as opposed to what is wrong. Also, adolescents become more preoccupied with personal and social moral codes. As they gain the competency to understand alternative points of view, they see that the moral codes are relative, not absolute. The above changes result in some conflict between moral conduct and moral thinking during adolescence. Early writing in the area of moral development was left to philosophers, who evolved three major doctrines of morality, each of which is represented in contemporary psychological theorizing. The â€Å"doctrine of the original sin† assumed that parental intervention was necessary to save the child’s soul. Current-day vestiges of this viewpoint may be found in theories of personality structure and the development of the conscience, or superego, which argue that the child internalizes parental standards of right and wrong. See more:  Perseverance essay The â€Å"doctrine of innate purity† argued that the child is basically moral, or pure, and that society, especially adults, are corrupting influences. This view is represented in the theorizing of Piaget, who argues that morality develops from the acquisition of autonomy emerging from the need to get along with peers. Moral thinking develops through peer-to-peer interactions that lead to an understanding of rules, according to Piaget. He also believes that parents do not allow autonomous thinking to develop because parent-child relationships are basically heteronomous, that is, the child is ruled by the parents. Therefore, the parents retard moral development. The last philosophical doctrine is the â€Å"tabula rasa† notion, which assumes that the child is neither innately pure nor corrupt but the product of environmental influences. The current-day representatives of this position are the learning theorists, who believe that development is the result of reinforcement and imitation  mechanisms. In addition to these differing philosophical and theoretical views regarding the origin of morality, we must keep in mind the distinctions between three concepts: systems of morality, moral behavior and moral character. Systems of morality are evidenced in the rules that guide social and interpersonal behavior. That includes rules that are written down and those that are not. This broad definition includes all types of social behaviors, not just those we consider moral behavior. Moral behaviors are those behaviors that are consistent with rules of morality. Like moral systems, moral behaviors include social behaviors of all types. This definition of moral behavior also includes behavior contrary to that expressed in moral code. Immoral behavior is simply a subclass of moral behavior. Moral character is a much more difficult concept to define. It is mostly hard to define due to the fact it involves an individual’s motives for behaving in a particular way. The basic problem in defining moral character is to determine those personality dimensions that determine it and vary as a function of it. Moral knowledge , socialization, empathy, autonomy, and moral judgement are the major concepts defining moral character. In order to have successful peer and adult relationships, the adolescent must learn the rules of the society and act in accordance to these rules. Individuals who successfully master these tasks are said to possess moral character. Among psychologists, the writings of Freud and Piaget have had the greatest impact on research in moral development. Following their early works, there was little written about moral development. In the last two or three decades, there has been considerable research and theorizing about the process underlying moral development. According to the principles of psychoanalytic theory, morality is part of the individual’s conscience, or superego. The acquisition of morality is explained by the information of the superego, which results from resolution of the Oedipal complex and identification with the same-sex parent. Society ensures its survival through this identification process by imposing its cultural standards, as represented by the parents’ behaviors, attitudes, aspirations, on the individual. Although the exact basis is unclear, Freud’s theorizing has stimulated considerable research into the effects of parental behavior on the child’s moral development. The major research concerns have centered on moral character , the consistency of moral behavior across situations, and the role of parental disciplinary techniques in shaping moral behavior.